B. Other Important Elements
          1. Hydrogen (H) - 1 proton, 1 amu, 1 electron in valence shell, needs 1 more electron to
          fill its valence shell
          2. Oxygen (O) - 8 protons, 16 amu, 6 electrons in valence shell, needs 2 more
          electrons to fill its valence shell.
          3. Nitrogen (N) - 7 protons, 14 amu, 5 electrons in valence shell, needs 3 more
          electrons to fill its valence shell. Can form triple bonds to other atoms.
     C. 4 Macromolecules make up all Organisms:
          1. Carbohydrates: "CH2O" - have Carbon : Hydrogen : Oxygen in a 1 : 2 : 1 ratio.
          These are "Energy" Compounds - Sugars e.g. C6H12O6 (Glucose). Some are also
          structural.
          3 Catogories:
               a. Monosacharides - "Single Sugars" Glucose, Frutrose, Galactose, Maltose, ... etc.
               "Quick" energy.

Notes 8-30-12

III. H20

G.pH-base 10 scale

What if you were to measure pH in three different locations?

Cache- pH-6 (10 times more acidic than SLC, 100 times more than Uintahs)

SLC-pH-5

Uintahs-pH-4

IV. Organic Chemistry

Organic-Chemical that has 2 or more, Carbon Atoms bonded together. Life is based on Carbon. Every living thing has atleast a partial amount of Carbon.

A.Carbon

-Has 6 protons

Ways that Carbon can bond-

C12(common) 6p+6n

C13(very rare) 6p+6n

C14(uncommon and radioactive) 6p+6n

Carbon bonds really well with other elements and is very versatile

8-9-12

Solvent + Solute = Solvent 

*All chemical reactions in your body, the chemicals must be in solution, they must be hydrogen bonded to water

• Saturation- the point where no more solute can dissolve into the solvent

D. H2O holds heat well

E. High Evaporation energy coefficient- takes a lot of energy for H2o molecules to evaporate

F. Water is heaviest at four degrees C. Most materials have more volume and mass in a solid state then in a liquied state except water. Turnover- allows nutrients at the bottom of the lake to circulated in tot he water column. In winter everything sinks to the bottom, the bottom of the lake is warmer then the top. In spring the ice on the lake melts the cold water sinks tot he bottom pushing everything to the top

G. pH- proportion of H-plus to OH-minus in solution. Measured on a scale of 0-14. 7 is nuetral. Pure water has a charge of zero. Hyrdonium equals hydroxide. 

ap bio august 28, 2012

Ionic bonds are formed between two oppositely charged ions.

C. Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds between polar molecules. (One example is a water molecule.)
* A hydrogen bond is always represented with a dotted or dashed line.


II. Chemical Reactions


A. Exergonic vs. Endergonic

Endergonic: Energy is added to the product
Exergonic: Energy is released from the substrate
(see the graph from a neighbor's notes)
Activation Energy: amount of energy required to "start" the reaction (if paper is the substrate, and air and ashes are the product, then the match is the activation energy.)
* In our bodies, we have millions of endergonic and exergonic reactions. Ensymes provides the activation energy. An ensyme does not contribute or take away atoms from the reaction, however.

B. Redox Reactions

* Redox is short for Reduction/Oxidation.
Redox Reaction: stripping electrons off of one chemical (the chemical that has been oxidized) and adding them to another (that one is the reduced chemical.)
* One example is photosynthesis.
* It is both an endergnoic and an exergonic reaction.
* the chemical that has reduced is gaining energy, and the chemical that is oxidized is losing energy.


III. Chemistry of Water

Water's properties:
water can stick to other objects as well as itself
Cohesion: the attraction between water molecules (unlike charges attract)
water is polar because of its symmetry
Surface Tension: the surface of a liquid can exhibit strong intermoleculure forces
Adhesion: water sticks to other POLAR molecules
Capillary Action: allows plants to pull water up into plant itself
* water is the best solvent.
* a solution forms when 1 substance dissolves (forms hydrogen bonds) into another.

August 27, 2012

*this reading assignment is to read Chapters 3-4. Due a week from today. (September 3)  If you think you know chemistry then only read Chapters 3.4-3.5, and Chapter 4.

-in biology our cells need to break in order to form again
-Hydrogen does not have a neutron in its orbit, First element= one proton. The number of the element tells you the number of protons. Carbon is element number six meaning it has 6 protons
-A single proton can also be called a hyrdrogen atom.

I. Chemical Bonds- 3 Basic types
    A. Covalent- 2 Types-When valence electrons (the outer shell) are shared.
           1. Non-Polar - H2. Electrons are shared equally. True or False: nonpolar molecules are sticky? False.  Lewis Structure of Hyrdrogen. 1P is the symbol, put a circle around 1P and then put a dot on the circle. The dot represents an electron. H-H represents a single pair of electrons being shared, and that it is a covalent bond. O=O represents a double bond, meaning sharing a two pairs of electrons
           2. Polar- When electrons are shared unequally
                       H2O. Start with Oxygen. In its first shell it has 2 electrons, second shell it has 6 electrons. It needs two more electrons to fill its shell, which is where hyrdrogen comes in. It is bonded to Oxygen. the north pole of the lewis structure or H2O is charged negatively, and the south pole of it is charged positively. If you throw two water molecules together then they will stick together because oppisites attract.  In class thing: water on table, they are sticking together. Then paper (made of gluclose) is barely put on the water and Capillary Action takes place, the paper looks like it is sucking the water into it. The water and the paper are forming bonds because the gluclose is polar also.
    B. Ionic-Strongest bond known to man. Attraction between oppositely charged ions

WELCOME

Welcome to the A.P. Biology Blog.  This is the place where you can find information that you've missed, test and assignment dates, and ask questions about the material presented (Just use the comments.).
So let's get started:

Assignment #1:  Due Friday, August 31 - Design an Experiment.  The writeup for this including an Introduction, Hypothesis Statement, Materials, and Procedure can be done by you as an individual or with a partner.  Remember, you will be performing this experiment, so make it "do-able."

NOTES:

A classically designed scientific experiment will always contain at least two groups:  1) THE EXPERMENTAL GROUP/S - This is the group that has the experimental variable added to it and you expect this group to be affected; and 2) THE CONTROL GROUP/S - This is the group that you do NOT add the experimental variable to and you expect it to act "normally."  A control group is always necessary in order to allow for comparison of what will happen if a group of individuals is NOT experimented with.

There are also two types of variables in every experiment.  Variables are defined as ANY characteristic of an experiment that can affect its outcome.  There are 2 types of variables in every experiment: 1) THE EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE/S - This is the one that will alter the affect the way your hypothesis predicts (the microwaved water).  Try and hold your experimental variables to a minimum, preferably ONE. These variables will change from group to group. And, 2) THE CONTROL VARIABLES - These are kept the same from individual to individual, group to group.  You do NOT want these variables to affect the result of your experiment (same soil, same container, same amount of water, etc.).